Organization
Solar Turbines, A Caterpillar Company, San Diego 92875, USA
SCIG International Company Limited, Chengdu 601151, Sichuan, China
摘要
页岩气是一种高效、清洁的化石能源，中国页岩气开采受储层条件复杂、开采技术不够成熟、综合开采成本高等因素困扰，高效规模开采受到一定程度影响，因此，研究和制定一套切实可行的页岩气商业化开采模式、科学配置钻采设备，是经济、规模、高效、低碳开采页岩气的关键，也是近年来国内外一直探索追求的目标。分析了开发页岩气所面临的困难和挑战，总结了国内外开发页岩气的经验以及实施条件的差异，提出“整体规划、成片开发、网络先行、以气打气、气电结合、综合利用、电力驱动、流水式作业、工厂化生产”的页岩气钻采工程理念及施工模式。井场设备配置方案如下：对于高钻压、高转速、高泵压、大排量、大扭矩激进式钻井，采用高效率低污染变频钻机，有利于将水平段延长至2 000 m以上，可以大幅度提高对产层的捕获能力；采用大功率电驱压裂泵，可满足长时间、大排量、长冲程连续压裂施工要求，有利于增加压裂改造体积和缝网密度，提高采收率；采用变频驱动混砂作业系统，利于实现全自动储砂、输砂、混砂作业；建立分布式燃气发电站，利用当地气源接替式发电，保障稳定、灵活、低成本、环保的电力供应，实现井场设备全电驱化以及“以气打气，气电结合”。该方案大幅度减少了设备购置、施工占地、施工污染、燃料消耗等，有效提高了设备利用率，降低了页岩气开发成本。
Abstract
Shale gas is a high-efficiency, clean fossil fuel. In China, the efficient and extensive exploitation of shale gas is restrained by the complex reservoir conditions, immature recovery technology and high comprehensive recovery costs. Therefore, developing a practical commercial recovery mode of shale gas and scientifically configuring drilling and production equipment are critical to cost-effective, large-scale, high-efficiency and low-carbon recovery of shale gas, which is exactly the goal that has been pursued by both China and other countries over recent years. In this study, the difficulties and challenges in shale gas development were analyzed, and the experience of shale gas development in China and other countries and the differences in implementation conditions were summarized. Finally, the shale gas drilling and production engineering concept and operation mode featured with overall planning, areal development, network building first, gas power generation, combination of gas power generation and power grids, comprehensive utilization, electric drive, line work and factory-like production were proposed. The well site equipment are configured as follows: (1) for aggressive drilling with high WOB, fast rotation, high pump pressure and rates, and large torque, the high-efficiency and low-pollution frequency-variable drilling rig is preferred to extend horizontal wellbores to more than 2,000 m and greatly expand the capture of pay zones; (2) high-power electrically-driven fracturing pumps are adopted to meet the requirements of long-time, high-rate, long-stroke and continuous fracturing operations, which helps to increase stimulated reservoir volumes and fracture network density and enhance oil recovery; (3) the frequency-variable proppant mixing system is used to deliver automatic storage, transportation and mixing of proppants; and (4) the distributed gas power stations are built and use local gas sources for the relay of power generation, which ensures stable, flexible, low-cost and environment-friendly power supply, and full electrical driving coverage of well site equipment and "gas power generation for gas recovery and combination of gas power generation and power grids". These efforts greatly reduce the costs of equipment, site footprint, operation pollution and fuel consumption, effectively improve the utilization rate of equipment and reduce the costs of shale gas development.
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