“两宽一高”油气地震勘探中的关键问题分析

油气地震勘探面对的地下介质情况(包括地表条件)和油藏情况日益复杂促使地震勘探技术不断提高,最终目的是能够尽可能精确地描述油气藏以及提高油气采收率和勘探效益。2000年后逐渐普及的“两宽一高”地震勘探技术是其中的一项标志性技术,它是一种综合性的技术系列,并非仅指将地震数据采集技术推进到“两宽一高”阶段,它还包括针对“两宽一高”数据的地震成像处理技术、地震地质解释技术及油藏评价技术。当前,“两宽一高”地震数据采集技术的发展较为迅速,各种新的观测系统、新的震源和检波器系统以及高效、自动、智能数据采集新技术层出不穷。但是,从海量的“两宽一高”数据中提取与精确描述储层相关信息的技术进展严重滞后,譬如全波形反演(Full Waveform Inversion,FWI)和最小二乘逆时深度偏移(Least Squares Reverse Time Migration,LS_RTM)技术距离大规模生产实用(尤其是直接贡献于储层描述的应用)相去甚远。从地震波反演成像对地震数据采集的需求出发,较为全面地依次分析了“两宽一高”地震数据采集技术对地震波成像的必要性、“两宽一高”地震数据对地震波成像的贡献、“两宽一高”地震勘探阶段的地震分辨率、“两宽一高”地震数据成像处理中的关键问题等,最后简述了“两宽一高”地震勘探中地震地质解释的观点。认为“两宽一高”油气地震勘探技术是今后相当长时期内石油工业界的核心技术,当前的技术发展现状远未达到“两宽一高”地震勘探技术的成熟阶段,今后油气地震勘探的技术发展应该是围绕着“两宽一高”地震勘探的关键问题,即采集技术、对应的反演成像技术、地震解释技术和油藏描述技术而展开。

The increasing complexity of surface,subsurface,and reservoir conditions requires a continuous improvement of seismic technologies for oil and gas exploration,with the ultimate goal of accurately describing the reservoirs to improve the efficiency of exploration and exploitation.One of the key technologies in the field,which has become increasingly popular in the 21st century,entails the interpretation of wide azimuth,high density,and broadband seismic data.This technology features a comprehensive set of tools:in addition to the acquisition of seismic data,it also offers seismic imaging and processing,geological interpretation,and reservoir evaluation using wide azimuth,high density,and broadband seismic data.Currently,a relatively rapid development of the technology for the acquisition of wide azimuth,high density,and broadband seismic data is underway.Various technologies for identifying geometries and seismic sources,as well as new detector systems,are emerging one after another.However,the technical progress in the methods for extracting reservoirrelated information from large amounts of wide azimuth,high density,and broadband seismic data is significantly slower.For instance,the FWI and LS_RTM technologies are far from being practical for mass production (especially for applications that directly contribute to the reservoir description).This paper analyzes a series of problems related to wide azimuth,high density,and broadband seismic data,from the need of seismic acquisition for seismic imaging,and the key problems related to it,to the contribution of wide azimuth,high density,and broadband seismic data to seismic imaging,and the seismic resolution that can be obtained by using such data.In addition,this paper briefly introduces the viewpoint of seismic geological interpretation for wide azimuth,high density,and broadband seismic exploration.Finally,it is prospected that the seismic exploration technology using wide azimuth,high density,and broadband data is going to remain the core technology of oil industry for a long time.However,the current state of technological development of the seismic exploration technology using wide azimuth,high density,and broadband data is far from being mature.A technological development should be carried out in the future around the key issues of the seismic exploration with wide azimuth,high density,and broadband data,namely the acquisition,seismic inversion imaging,seismic interpretation,and reservoir description techniques.