离子液体在化学破乳中的应用进展

Application of Ionic Liquids on Chemical Demulsification

张泽俊 王占生 张华 王庆吉

ZHANG Zejun WANG Zhansheng ZHANG Hua WANG Qingji

原油含有沥青质、胶质、环烷酸、脂肪酸、微晶石蜡、界面活性固体颗粒等天然表面活性剂。开采时地层孔 隙、井筒、喷油嘴、管道阀的剪切、挤压和搅拌，驱油剂中加入的表面活性剂和水，集输和转运过程中的泵压及管 道湍流，极易形成稳定的原油乳液。原油乳液不仅会引起管道和泵的腐蚀、降低管道的集输效率，还会在下游炼 化过程中造成催化剂中毒。化学破乳因其效率高、速度快、设备简易、能耗低等优势，是原油乳液高效分离的常 用方式。离子液体（ILs）具有不易燃性、热稳定性好、可回收利用、蒸汽压低等优势，是一种高效的破乳剂。通过 总结ILs 的特征及其作为化学破乳剂的应用现状，讨论了破乳机理及影响破乳性能的因素，指出ILs 破乳剂在实 际应用中存在的问题，提出了未来的研究方向。ILs 适用于高盐度、高温度、高黏度等恶劣环境条件下（如超稠 油）的破乳，破乳机理包括吸附、取代、离子交换等，影响破乳效果的因素包括ILs 的种类和浓度、相对分子质量、 盐度、温度和乳液类型等。通过选择合适的ILs 及其用量，确定最佳的处理条件，可以提高破乳效率。虽然目前 ILs 破乳剂距离大规模应用还存在很多关键问题和挑战，但低毒或无毒、低成本、低黏度的ILs 及与纳米颗粒联用 和聚ILs的研发仍然具有重要意义。

Crude oil contains natural surfactants such as asphaltenes，resins，naphthenic acids，fatty acids，microcrystalline waxes， and interfacial active solid particles. During extraction，the shearing，compression and agitation within formation pores，wellbores， nozzles and pipeline valves，along with the addition of surfactants and water in oil displacement agents，as well as pump pressure and pipeline turbulence during collection and transportation，can easily form stable crude oil emulsions. Crude oil emulsions not only cause corrosion in pipelines and pumps and reduce pipeline transportation efficiency，but also lead to catalyst poisoning during downstream refining processes. Chemical demulsification，due to its high efficiency，rapid action，simple equipment requirements， and low energy consumption，is a commonly used method for the efficient separation of crude oil emulsions. Ionic liquids（ILs）are effective demulsifiers due to the advantages such as non-flammability，good thermal stability，recyclability，and low vapor pressure. By summarizing the characteristics of ILs and their current application as chemical demulsifiers，this paper discussed the demulsification mechanisms and factors influencing demulsification performance. It identified issues with the practical application of ILs demulsifiers，and then suggested future research directions. ILs were suitable for demulsification under harsh conditions such as high salinity，high temperature，and high viscosity（e.g. extra-heavy oil）. Demulsification mechanisms included adsorption， replacement and ion exchange. Factors affecting demulsification effect included the type and concentration of ILs，relative molecular mass，salinity，temperature，and emulsion type. By selecting appropriate ILs and their dosages，and determining optimum treatment conditions，demulsification efficiency could be enhanced. Although there were still significant challenges and key issues preventing large-scale application of ILs demulsifiers，the development of low-toxicity or non-toxic，low-cost， low-viscosity ILs and their use in conjunction with nanoparticles，and polymer ILs remained highly significant.

10.19346/j.cnki.1000-4092.2024.02.025