特提斯洋与古亚洲洋协同演化控制下的塔里木台盆区油气富集效应

Hydrocarbon enrichment effects in the non-foreland area of the Tarim Basin under the coevolution control of the Tethys and Paleo-Asian oceans

何治亮 杨鑫 高键 云露 曹自成 李慧莉 杨佳奇

Zhiliang HE Xin YANG Jian GAO Lu YUN Zicheng CAO Huili Li Jiaqi YANG

显生宙特提斯洋和古亚洲洋2大构造域演化历史对塔里木盆地产生了巨大的影响，其效应包括原型盆地的形成与沉积充填过程及油气成藏与调整改造等。原特提斯洋和古亚洲洋分别经历了扩张、俯冲-消减和关闭-碰撞造山过程。特提斯域经历了原特提斯、古特提斯和新特提斯3个阶段，具有此消彼长的关系。古亚洲洋在新元古代—古生代多陆-岛-洋的格架下经历了复杂的伸展—聚敛过程。受特提斯洋（昆仑-阿尔金分支洋）和古亚洲洋（南天山洋分支）协同演化控制，塔里木盆地经历了新元古代—早古生代和晚古生代—新生代2个从伸展—聚敛的巨型盆地旋回，与海平面升降和气候旋回匹配，形成了优质烃源岩、多类型规模性储层和盖层，构成了油气形成的优越物质基础。特提斯洋和古亚洲洋多圈层协同演化控制的油气富集效应体现在：①多类型盆地原型与后期构造改造决定了塔里木台盆区不同部位油气成藏与富集的差异性；②北部坳陷广泛分布的优质烃源岩，是塔北—顺托—塔中地区大型油气富集区形成的基础；③多期构造运动伴随的构造破裂与古岩溶作用造就了断控缝洞型和岩溶缝洞型2类各具特点且规模发育的储集体；④区内构造与地温场差异演化决定了油气聚集区内油气相态与次生改造的规律性变化。台盆区大型古隆起和不整合面、走滑断裂带、高能相带及其叠加区是油气有利目标区。

The Phanerozoic evolutionary processes of the Tethyan and Paleo-Asian tectonic domains have delivered profound impacts on the Tarim Basin， including the formation of prototype basins and sedimentary filling processes， as well as hydrocarbon accumulation and later adjustment and modification. Both the ProtoTethys and Paleo-Asian oceans experienced phases of expansion， subduction， closure， and collisional orogenesis. Specifically， the Tethyan tectonic domain progressed through the Proto-， Paleo-， and Neo-Tethys stages in a row. Meanwhile， the Paleo-Asian Ocean underwent a complex extension-convergence process within a Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic framework involving multiple continents， islands， and oceans. Due to the coevolution of the Tethys Ocean （the Kunlun - Altyn Tagh branch） and the Paleo-Asian Ocean （the South Tianshan Ocean as a branch）， the Tarim Basin experienced two extension-convergence megabasin cycles from the Neoproterozoic to the Eopaleozoic and from the Neopaleozoic to the Cenozoic. These cycles， along with eustatic sea-level changes and climatic cycles， facilitated the formation of high-quality source rocks and various large-scale reservoirs and cap rocks， which jointly created a superior material foundation for hydrocarbon generation and accumulation. The hydrocarbon accumulation effects ncontrolled by the coevolution of the Tethys and Paleo-Asian oceans are manifested in the following aspects： differential hydrocarbon accumulation and enrichment across different parts of the non-foreland area （i.e.area covered by Paleozoic marine sediments） in the Tarim Basin under a variety of basin prototypes and later tectonic modifications； high-quality source rocks widely seen in the northern depression serving as the foundation for large-scale hydrocarbon enrichment in the northern Tarim， Shuntuoguole low uplift and Tazhong area； two types of large-scale reservoirs with distinct characteristics： fault-controlled fractured-vuggy and fractured-vuggy karst types formed under tectonic fracturing and paleokarstification associated with multi-phase tectonic movements； and the differential evolution of structures and geothermal fields in the accumulation zone dictating the regular changes in hydrocarbon phase state and secondary alterations. Favorable hydrocarbon exploration targets in the non-foreland area include large paleo-uplifts， unconformities， strike-slip fault zones， high-energy facies tracts， and areas where these three factors overlapping.

10.11743/ogg20240305