碳酸盐岩沉积储层研究前沿与未来发展方向

Frontiers and trends in the research on carbonate sedimentology and reservoir geology

周进高 徐哲航 黄世伟 李文正 段军茂 朱永进 郑剑锋 吴东旭 常少英

Jingao ZHOU Zhehang XU Shiwei HUAN Wenzheng LI Junmao DUAN Yongjin ZHU Jianfeng ZHENG Dongxu WU Shaoying CHANG

碳酸盐岩蕴藏着丰富的油气资源，是当前和未来油气勘探开发的重要领域。为明确碳酸盐岩沉积储层研究现状，指出未来发展趋势，通过文献调研，分析了碳酸盐岩研究前沿与未来发展方向，研究了国内外碳酸盐岩沉积、储层研究取得的进展。在碳酸盐岩沉积学领域的进展包括：①完善了碳酸盐工厂分类，明确了5类工厂的生产者、生产环境和产物之间的成生关系，为碳酸盐岩沉积环境恢复、源-储确定以及碳酸盐岩“源-汇”体系研究提供了新思路；②系统阐明了微生物造氧固碳、微生物造岩固碳、微生物诱导形成碳酸盐组构以及微生物参与沉积演化的机理，为重建地质历史时期碳循环、大气氧化和生物演化以及碳封存提供了新的理论依据；③建立了盆地级岩相古地理恢复及个性化沉积模式，推动了油气勘探向碳酸盐台地内部和深层-超深层古老碳酸盐岩领域拓展。在碳酸盐岩储层地质学领域的进展是：①创新白云石形成机理，建立了微生物诱导白云石化、溶蚀-沉淀驱动白云石化和高二氧化硅浓度驱动白云石化3种新模式，为破解“白云石问题”提供了新的理论模型；②阐明了沉积相、白云石化、溶蚀作用和构造改造是储层形成的主控因素，明确了微生物岩储层和断控储层形成与分布规律，推动碳酸盐岩油气勘探取得新突破。在碳酸盐岩实验技术方面的进展是：建立了碳酸盐岩矿物铀-铅（U-Pb）同位素定年技术及碳酸盐团簇同位素和Mg、S同位素测试技术，为储层孔隙演化、储层形成过程和成藏演化恢复提供了新的技术方法。研究认为，物理模拟、数值模拟和智能化是碳酸盐岩沉积储层及实验技术的未来发展方向。

Carbonate rocks typically contain abundant hydrocarbon resources， which establish them as a crucial target for current and future hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation. To determine the frontiers and trends of research on carbonate sedimentology and reservoir geology， we perform a literature review on carbonate rocks. The three advances in carbonate sedimentology are summarized here. （1） An improved classification of carbonate factories in five types is developed based on the determination of the genetic relationships between producers， environments， and products. These provide a novel philosophy for reconstructing carbonate sedimentary environments， localizing source rocks and reservoirs， and investigating the source-to-sink sedimentary system of carbonate rocks. （2） A systematic elucidation of the mechanisms behind carbon sequestration and oxygen generation by microbes， carbon sequestration and rock formation by microbes， microbially induced carbonate fabrics， and microbial involvement in sedimentation and evolution. These mechanisms function as a new theoretical basis for reconstructing the carbon cycling， atmospheric oxidation， biological evolution， and carbon sequestration in geological history. （3） The basin-scale lithofacies paleogeographic reconstruction， and the development of unique sedimentary patterns. These allow for the expansion of hydrocarbon exploration toward both the interior carbonate platforms and deep to ultradeep ancient carbonate rocks. Recent advances in the understanding of carbonate reservoir geology include： （1） Innovations made in the genetic mechanisms of dolomites， with three novel models being established： microbially induced dolomitization， dissolution/precipitation-driven dolomitization， and high silica concentration-driven dolomitization， being of new theoretical models for understanding dolomization； （2） The identification of sedimentary facies， dolomitization， dissolution， and structural modification as dominant factors controlling reservoir formation， and the determination of the formation and distribution patterns of microbialite-dominated reservoirs and fault-controlled reservoirs. These assist in expediting breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration in carbonate rocks. The advances in experimental techniques for carbonate rocks include the establishment of uranium and lead （U-Pb） isotopic dating， and clumped， Mg， and S isotope tests for carbonate minerals. These advances provide new technologies and methods for reconstructing the evolution of reservoir porosity， the process of reservoir formation， and the evolution of hydrocarbon accumulation. Overall， it can be concluded that physical simulation， numerical simulation， and artificial intelligence represent the trends of research on carbonate sedimentology， reservoir geology and experimental technology.

10.11743/ogg20240404