二氧化碳地质封存与利用新进展

Recent advances in geological carbon dioxide storage and utilization

王光付 李阳 王锐 周银邦 贾英

Guangfu WANG Yang LI Rui WANG Yingbang ZHOU Ying JIA

为了推动碳减排，实现碳中和目标，分析研究了CO捕集、利用与封存（CCUS）技术进展，提出了存在问题和发展方向。研究表明：全球CCUS产业发展迅速，截至2023年底，全球大型CCUS项目数量达到392个，比2022年增加了一倍，已初步具备商业化运营的技术条件。CO封存与利用研究应用不断取得新进展：①CO地质封存体表征和建模采用表征体元（REV）技术，将微观尺度的属性应用于宏观尺度的地质模型，用应变张量数据进行封存体动态表征和监测。综合应用地球化学成像、微地震、地温以及大气监测技术方法进行封存体泄漏监测。建立不同沉积类型储层模拟技术，模拟封存体内不同CO羽流迁移情景和封存潜力。②大数据和人工智能广泛应用于CCUS。建立了基于深度学习和耦合地质力学的CO封存风险快速评估代理模型。用机器学习预测或评估剩余油区CO提高采收率和封存效率。③CO驱油新技术及应用新领域取得新进展。发展了CO驱与低矿化度水驱交替注入、CO微纳米气泡驱油、CO加增黏剂驱油和CO泡沫驱油等技术，应用于矿场试验取得良好效果。CO驱油领域从中-低渗透砂岩油藏、致密砂岩油藏拓展到残余油带、页岩油藏及天然气藏。CCUS也面临长期封存安全性、经济性、技术不确定性等问题和挑战，需要进一步完善法律、法规，开展多学科研究与技术创新，加强国际合作，大力发展CO地质封存与利用新技术，保障CO长期封存安全性，提高商业运营经济性。

To promote carbon dioxide （CO） emission reduction and achieve carbon neutrality， we analyze recent technical advances in carbon capture， utilization， and storage （CCUS）， highlighting existing challenges and future directions. The findings indicate that the global CCUS industry is undergoing rapid growth， with the number of large-scale CCUS projects worldwide reaching up to 392 by the end of 2023， twice the number in 2022， demonstrating the preliminary commercial viability of CCUS. Significant progress have been made in the research and application of the geological storage and utilization of CO， including （1） the use of representative elementary volume （REV） in the characterization and modeling of geological CO storage reservoirs， enabling the application of microscopic properties to macroscopic geological models； the utilization of strain tensors in the dynamic characterization and monitoring of storage reservoirs； the comprehensive application of many techniques， including geochemical imaging， micro-seismic， fiber optics， and geothermal and atmospheric monitoring for leakage detection of the CO storage reservoirs； and the development of simulation techniques to simulate various CO₂ plume migration scenarios and sequestration potentials in the storage reservoirs， tailored to the various types of sedimentary reservoirs； （2） the wide application of big data technologies and artificial intelligence （AI） in CCUS， including the development of proxy models for the rapid risk assessment of CO sequestration based on deep learning and coupled geomechanics and the utilization of machine learning to predict or assess the CO enhanced oil recovery （EOR） and storage efficiency in residual oil zones； （3） significant progress in the new techniques for CO EOR and their application in new fields. Emerging techniques， such as alternating injection of CO and low mineralized water， CO micro-nano bubble flooding， thickener-assisted CO flooding， and CO foam flooding， have shown promising results in field tests. Furthermore， the application of CO flooding has expanded from medium- to low-permeability sandstone oil reservoirs and tight sandstone oil reservoirs to residual oil zones （ROZs）， and shale oil and gas reservoirs. However， there are still challenges related to the safety of the long-term sequestration of captured CO， economic viability， and technical uncertainties. Therefore， it is necessary to further improve existing laws and regulations while vigorously developing new techniques for the geological storage and utilization of CO by conducting multidisciplinary research and technological innovation， and promoting international cooperation， with a view to ensuring the safety of the long-term storage of captured CO and enhancing the economic viability of commercial operations.

10.11743/ogg20240419