高分子纳米复合材料在水基钻井液中的研究进展

Research Progress of Polymer Nanocomposites in Water-based Drilling Fluid

吴 宇 侯珊珊 由福昌

WU Yu HOU Shanshan YOU Fuchang

传统高分子聚合物材料难以满足日益复杂的井下环境要求，而无机纳米材料又存在分散性不足的缺陷，将纳米材料接枝到聚合物链上或将聚合物嵌入纳米材料中形成高分子纳米复合材料，可发挥两种材料的协同增效作用，进而提升水基钻井液的综合性能。文章介绍了高分子纳米复合材料在改善水基钻井液流变性、优化封堵降滤失性、增强封堵防塌性方面的应用，总结了其作用效果及作用机理。高分子纳米复合材料改善钻井液流变性的机理包括聚合物增强固体纳米颗粒在钻井液中的分散性、增加流体层间内摩擦力、通过聚合物与黏土颗粒之间的氢键和静电相互作用形成空间网络结构等。优化钻井液封堵降滤失性的机理包括利用无机纳米材料对微孔进行封堵，形成致密的泥饼，利用聚合物的强吸附性和两亲性，在泥饼表面形成疏水膜等。增强钻井液封堵防塌作用的机理包括纳米颗粒桥接和堵塞页岩纳米孔隙，形成致密屏障，阻止水分子侵入页岩；聚合物链上的多功能基团在黏土表面形成竞争吸附，降低黏土对水分子的吸附；成熟聚胺类聚合物的氨基嵌入和阳离子压缩双电层的综合作用，强化页岩水化抑制性能。提出了高分子纳米复合材料面临的挑战，如大规模生产过程中无机纳米颗粒在聚合物基质中可能出现的分散不均匀问题。最后，从降磨减阻、储层保护和可持续性3个方面对高分子纳米复合材料的研究方向进行了展望。

Traditional polymer materials struggle to meet the increasingly complex demands of downhole environments，while inorganic nanomaterials exhibit poor dispersion. Grafting nanomaterials onto polymer chains or embedding polymers into nanomaterials to form polymer nanocomposites can leverage the synergistic effects of both materials to enhance the overall performance of water-based drilling fluids. This paper introduced the application of polymer nanocomposites on improving the rheology，optimizing the plugging and filtration reduction，and enhancing the collapse resistance of water-based drilling fluids，and then summarized their effects and mechanisms. The mechanisms by which polymer nanocomposites improved drilling fluid rheology included polymers enhancing the dispersion of solid nanoparticles in drilling fluid，increasing the internal friction between fluid layers，and forming a spatial network structure through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between polymers and clay particles. The mechanisms for optimizing the plugging and filtration reduction of drilling fluids involved using inorganic nanomaterials for micropore plugging to form a dense mud cake，while the strong adsorption and amphiphilic properties of polymers created a hydrophobic membrane on the mud cake surface. The mechanisms for enhancing the collapse resistance of drilling fluids included three aspects. First，a dense barrier was formed through nanoparticles bridging and blocking shale nanopores which prevented water molecules from invading the shale. Second，the multifunctional groups on polymer chains formed competitive adsorption on clay surfaces to reduce clay adsorption of water molecules. Third，the combined effects of mature polyamine polymer amino embedding and cationic double electric layer compression strengthened shale hydration inhibition. Challenges of polymer nanocomposites included potential uneven dispersion of inorganic nanoparticles in the polymer matrix during large-scale production. Finally，the paper forecasted the research directions of polymer nanocomposites in three areas，such as reducing wear and drag，reservoir protection，and sustainability.

10.19346/j.cnki.1000-4092.2024.03.023