脂肽类生物表面活性剂用于提高原油采收率的研究进展

Research Progress of Lipopeptide Biosurfactants for Enhanced Oil Recovery

钟炜欣 闻宇晨 侯吉瑞

WANG Zhansheng WANG Zhansheng WANG Zhansheng

生物表面活性剂表面活性强，乳化性能好，抗菌抗氧化活性强，稳定性高，且生物选择性好，环境友好性强。其中，脂肽类生物表面活性剂性能突出，是三次采油中化学表面活性剂的良好替代品。根据肽链氨基酸是否连接成环，可将脂肽类生物表面活性剂分为环状脂肽和线形脂肽。亲水肽链不同种类氨基酸与排列顺序、疏水碳链长度及其支链位置不同，形成的脂肽结构与生物活性不同。脂肽类生物表面活性剂提高原油采收率的机理为：高效降低油水界面张力、促进原油乳化形成大尺寸胶束，改变储层岩石润湿性、降低水相相对渗透率等。脂肽类生物表面活性剂用于原油开采的室内实验和矿场试验结果表明，脂肽类生物驱油体系在获得与化学驱相当的提高采收率效果的同时可以有效降低驱油剂成本，证实了其适用于提高原油采收率的可行性。但脂肽在上游合成高产途径、下游低成本提纯工艺以及实际油藏中的地层适应性尚不明确，限制了脂肽类生物表面活性剂在油田的商业化推广。

Biosurfactants have strong surface activity，good emulsification，strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity，high stability，good bioselectivity and strong environmental friendliness. Among them，lipopeptide biosurfactants have outstanding properties and are favourable substitutes for chemical surfactants in tertiary oil recovery. Lipopeptide biosurfactants could be divided into cyclic lipopeptides and linear lipopeptides according to whether the amino acids of the peptide chain were connected into a ring. The difference in the types and the arrangement sequence of amino acids in hydrophilic peptide chain，and the difference in the length and the position of branch chain in hydrophobic carbon chain，all resulted in the formation of different lipopeptide structure and biological activity. The mechanism of lipopeptide biosurfactants to improve crude oil recovery was as follows：efficiently reducing oil-water interfacial tension，promoting crude oil emulsification to form large-size micelles，changing reservoir rock wettability，reducing water phase relative permeability，and so on. The results of laboratory experiments and field tests of lipopeptide biosurfactants for crude oil exploitation showed that lipopeptide bio-oil displacement system could effectively reduce the cost of oil displacement agent while obtaining the same effect of enhanced oil recovery as chemical flooding，which confirmed the feasibility for improving crude oil recovery. Nevertheless，the high-yield pathway of lipopeptide synthesis in the upstream，the low-cost purification process in the downstream and the formation adaptability in the actual reservoir were still unclear，which limited the commercialization promotion of lipopeptide biosurfactants in the oilfield.

10.19346/j.cnki.1000-4092.2024.03.024